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These changes were mainly F3 (formant center frequency) and B3 (formant bandwidth) for the vowel /o/ and a slight decrease in B1 and B2 for the vowel /a/. reported that after tonsillectomy certain speech parameters changed. With respect to supralaryngeal factors, if extirpation of soft tissue from the oropharynx altered the anatomy of the supralaryngeal acoustic transmission pathway and possibly the dynamics of physiologic function, the acoustic measures related to vocal tract resonances could be changed. Because it is an operation that did not directly affect larynx and not influence the rate at which vocal folds open and close during phonation. It is not expected that fundamental frequency (F0) change after tonsillectomy. The second formant is most sensitive to the shape of the body of the tongue, and the third formant is most sensitive to the tip of the tongue. This formant frequency rises as the jaw is opened wider. The jaw opening, which constricts the vocal tract toward the glottal end and expands it toward the lip end, is the deciding factor for the first formant. Sundberg has identified portions of the vocal anatomy which he associates with the formant frequencies. Formant values can vary widely from person to person, but the spectrogram reader learns to recognize patterns which are independent of particular frequencies and which identify the various phonemes with a high degree of reliability. This rate gives the sensation of pitch (higher frequencies result in higher pitches). On average, this repeated closing and opening occurs at a rate of 125 times per second in an adult male and 250 times per second in an adult female. Almost all formants have the trait of waxing and waning in energy in all frequencies, which is caused by the repeated closing and opening of the human vocal tract. Although all phenomes have their own formants, vowel sound formants are usually the easiest to identify. In other words, a formant is a frequency range in which a phenome has its most distinctive and characteristic pitch. Because of their resonant origin, they tend to stay essentially the same when the frequency of the fundamental is changed.įormants can be found where there are large concentrations or peaks of energy in the spectrogram reading of a voiced sample. Formant refers to peaks in the harmonic spectrum of a complex sound which arise from some sort of resonance of the source. They are produced by restriction of air flow with the mouth, tongue, and jaw. While vowels are attributed to this periodic resonance, consonants are not periodic. įormants are the resonant frequencies of the vocal tract when vowels are pronounced. This could theoretically lead to scarring and subsequent limitation of fine motor control or even velopharyngeal closure. Potentially, part of the soft palate musculature can be removed or disturbed. Tonsillectomy can affect the voice by enlarging the resonating chamber and altering the formant frequencies or by altering the conformation of the tonsillar fossae. A few studies have examined potential changes in vocal quality after tonsillectomy. The effects of tonsillectomy over voice have not been studied extensively from the perspective of acoustic changes, other than its effect on nasalance. As a conclusion, in cases for vocal performing artists, they should be warned for any possible changes in voice colors after surgery. In males, F1 and F2 formants showed statistically significant changes postoperatively. Fundamental frequency (F0), F1, F2 and F3 formants showed statistically insignificant changes in females postoperatively. None of the patient perceived any change in his/her voice postoperatively. The patients were also asked, whether they perceived any change in their voices postoperatively.
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These parameters were analyzed on a sustained using the CSL main program with the Computerized Speech Lab CSL 4300B (Kay Elemetrics Ltd., Lincoln Park, NJ, USA).
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Voice samples to measure F0 (fundamental frequency) and F1, F2, F3 formants were recorded 1 week before and 3 months after the surgery. They all went tonsillectomy for recurrent episodes of tonsillitis under regional anesthesia. 20 patients (13 males, 7 females), aged between 21 and 39 were included to the study. In this study, the effects of tonsillectomy over voice parameters is examined. Since tonsillectomy causes a shape and volum difference in supraglottic area, it is assumed that acoustic characteristics may change postoperatively. The vocal tractus from the glottis to the lips is considered to be a resonator and any change in its shape may cause voice changes.